1. Explain the concept of sensory memory.
Sensory memory is the first level of memory. It is the ability to retain an image after the original stimulus is gone, although only momentarily and relatively unprocessed. There are two types of sensory memory, one is the iconic memory and the other is the echoic memory.
2. Give an example of sensory memory.
You lost focus in a lecture, suddenly a significant word appears that causes you to return your focus. You should remember what was said just before the key word because it is temporarily stored in your sensory register.
3. What is the capacity of our sensory memory?
Our sensory memory have a capacity to hold a large amount of unprocessed information (like
visual data) but can only hold them accurately for a short time, like it fades away after a second.
4. Describe the concept of short-term memory.
Short-term is the capacity to hold small amount of memory in your mind consciously while it is being processed in one's mind. Or simply what you can repeat immediately after perceiving it.
5.What is the "magic number" as it relates to short-term memory and who conducted the experiment which established this measurement?
The magic number is an experiment called "The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits on Our Capacity for Processing Information". It was conducted by reknown psychologist, George Miller. This relates to short-term memory because it describes that the human mind can only remember in detail 7 (give or take 2) stimuli presented at the same time. It rejects the other stimuli presented after.
6. What is chunking?
Chunking is the process with which we can expand our memory by remembering things in "chunks". The mind separate information in meaningful sections in order for it to remember it more clearly. It increases a person's recall capacity.
7. What has been determined to be the ideal size of "chunks" for both letters and numbers?
According to G. Miller, the ideal size of chunks to remember is if you divide them into 5-9 items. But Herbert Simon showed that the ideal size for chunking letters and numbers, meaningful or not, was three.
8. Which mode of encoding does short-term memory mostly rely on, acoustic or visual?
Acoustic memory is better than visual memory
9. Explain the duration and capacity of long-term memory.
The capacity (information that can be stored in the brain) of the long-term memory is unkown. It is impossible to measure and can be limitless. Our brains ability to store memories is greater than any powerful computer.
The duration of information is thought to be stored permanently, which means for your entire lifetime. Now there is a thought that some memories can possibly be genetically inherited and therfore las longer than a lifetime.
10. Explain in detail the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
In 1968, Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a model of human memory that memory is stored in two parts, long-term memory and short-memory. Later another third part is added, called the sensory memory. So in general it propose that human memory involves a sequence of three stages.
Sensory Memory: The senses have a limited capacity to store information percieved with senses and it usually goes unprocessed. Ex: the visual system have a iconic memory for visual stimuli such as shape, color, siza and location, but not the meaning. The main ones are the Iconic Memory and the Echoic Memory.
Short-Term Memory: Information selected by sensory memory then pass to short-term memory. This allows us to retain information long enough for us to use it. STM last around 15-30 seconds unless people rehearse the information, like separate into chunks.
Long-Term Memory: LTM perseves memory and skills from a minute to a lifetime. LTM is hard to measure because it is just way too big and is more powerful than any computer storage.
11. Identify three criticisms or limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
According to G. Miller, the ideal size of chunks to remember is if you divide them into 5-9 items. But Herbert Simon showed that the ideal size for chunking letters and numbers, meaningful or not, was three.
8. Which mode of encoding does short-term memory mostly rely on, acoustic or visual?
Acoustic memory is better than visual memory
9. Explain the duration and capacity of long-term memory.
The capacity (information that can be stored in the brain) of the long-term memory is unkown. It is impossible to measure and can be limitless. Our brains ability to store memories is greater than any powerful computer.
The duration of information is thought to be stored permanently, which means for your entire lifetime. Now there is a thought that some memories can possibly be genetically inherited and therfore las longer than a lifetime.
10. Explain in detail the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
In 1968, Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a model of human memory that memory is stored in two parts, long-term memory and short-memory. Later another third part is added, called the sensory memory. So in general it propose that human memory involves a sequence of three stages.
Sensory Memory: The senses have a limited capacity to store information percieved with senses and it usually goes unprocessed. Ex: the visual system have a iconic memory for visual stimuli such as shape, color, siza and location, but not the meaning. The main ones are the Iconic Memory and the Echoic Memory.
Short-Term Memory: Information selected by sensory memory then pass to short-term memory. This allows us to retain information long enough for us to use it. STM last around 15-30 seconds unless people rehearse the information, like separate into chunks.
Long-Term Memory: LTM perseves memory and skills from a minute to a lifetime. LTM is hard to measure because it is just way too big and is more powerful than any computer storage.
11. Identify three criticisms or limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
1: The model which consists of the "stream of memory" is said to lack internal consistency
2: The Atkinson-Shiffrin model distinguishes different forms of memory, but it does not take into account what information is presented
3: It doesn't take into accoudn the differences between the subject's performance including a cognitive ability or the previous experience with learning techniques
12.Explain the Levels of Processing Model of memory.
Levels of Processing Model of memory is a theory presented by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart in 1972. It rejects the idea of the dual store model of memory. Instead, this theory propose that information can be processed in a number of different ways and that the durability/strength of the memory trace is a direct function of the depth of processing involved. Ex: Shallow processing and Deep processing.
13. What is maintenance rehearsal - give an example.
Maintanance rehearsal is a process of repeating and verbalizing a piece of information over and over again. Usually the short-term memory can hold the information for 20 seconds, but the maintanance rehearsal can keep it for a longer amount of time.
ex: when you ask for a phone number and don't have paper around, you repeat the number over and over again just in time to dail the numbers in the phone. This is the use of maintanane rehearsal.
14. What is elaborative rehearsal - give an example.
This involves deep processing of a item to-be remembered resulting in producing a durable memory. Ex: when you memorize a word that have no meaning to you, you try to associate it with other things in order to make it meaningful. Like the word "braniac". It is similar to the word "brain" so you associate it with that word and brain makes you think of someone who is very smart.
15. Who developed the Levels of Processing Model and the concepts of maintenance
and elaborative rehearsal?
It is a theory presented by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart in 1972.
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