Theories of Depression

Albert Bandura:

Bandura's Social Cognitive learning theory suggested that people are shaped by the interactions between their behaviours, thoughts, and environmental events. He pointed out that depressed people's self-concepts are different from non-depressed people's self-concepts. Depressed people hold themselves respoinsible for all the bad things in their lives an are full of self-blame. Their success tend to be viewed as being caused by external factors outside the depressed person's control. They have low levels of self efficacy, some caused by the constant failures they experience.

Juilian Rotter
Rotter said that internality and externality are different things. Internals tend to attribute outcomes of events to their own control. Externals attribute outcomes of events to external circumstances. The last one will think that it is unlikely for their efforts to bring success, and so are likely to not work hard for any achievements. Peoople with external will think that they have no control over their future, therefore they tend to be more prone to stress and clinical depression.

Martin Seligman
Seligman's theory on "learned helplessness" came as an extension to his research on depression.
He found that learned helplessness to be a psychological condition in which a human being or an animal has learned to act or behave helplessly in a particular situation - usually after experiencing some inability to avoid an adverse situation - even when it actually has the power to change its unpleasant or even harmful circumstance. Seligman saw a similarity with severely depressed patients, and argued that clinical depression and related mental illness result in part from a perceived absence of control over the outcome of a situation.

Aaron Beck

Beck believed that depression is due to unrealistic negative views about the world. Depressed people have a negative cognition in three areas that are placed into the depressive triad. They develop negative views about: themselves, the world, and their future. Beck starts treatment by engaging in conversation with patients about their negative thoughts.

The Lobotomist

The theory of frontal lobotomy is to separate frontal lobe with the rest of your brain and to stop the emotional access for people suffering from mental disorders. The patients (retarded, manic…) were all kept in an asylum without any real treatment. Doctor Walter Freeman was disgusted; he saw them as people who did not require sympathy, but action. A neurologist without surgical training, he was called the Maverick Medical Genius. In 1930’s, they were trying shock therapies; the patients left the table subdued, proving to Freeman that mental disorders come from the brain. In 1936 he made a discovery. He picked up an obscure procedure done by a Portuguese doctor, Egas Moniz, which consisted of actually opening the skull, but with no real understanding of the source of outcome. It showed that the first patient to receive this procedure, after waking, had a placid expression. So Freeman, with the help of doctor James Watts, went on to perfect the technique so he operated on conscious patients to see their reaction. This was called by many as a medical turning point. Even the patients with the most favorable outcomes had problems pursuing actions in daily life. Despite the long side effects, Freeman still performed it on a large number of patients.

Prognosis: after they received the procedure, those without support will be hospitalized permanently, and those with outside support can live without noises in their heads, but still would not be able to completely integrate into society. Freeman called lobotomy “an operation of last resort”; however, he still performed them almost every day.  Many who once supported this operation does not anymore. There is no way that the destruction of the brain can restore patients to any normal state. It was no more subtle than a gunshot to the head. Freeman had little patience for his critiques, and went on saying he was doing something for them other people could not. He was giving the patients a chance to erase the pain. Freeman's most notorious operation was on the ill-fated, Rosemary Kennedy, who was permanently incapacitated by a lobotomy at age 23.

In 1954, a new drug called Thorazine produced results similar to those of lobotomy, except for the fact it does not directly operate on the brain. With the emergence of this pill, Freeman’s opportunities to operate vanished. This drug had effects similar to those of tranquilizers and antipsychotics. So Freeman then moved to Los Angeles and started to look for a new group of people on which to conduct lobotomy. He started to focus on kids with ADD, ADHD…etc. One of his first patients was a 12 years old boy, who according to his stepmom was disobedient. Freeman suggested a change of personality through lobotomy. From this, one can notice how his desperation to operate has altered his perception and now directs this procedure to any possible patient. He lobotomized 19 kids in total, all under the age of 18.

Walter Freeman died from cancer in 1972 at the age of 76. Lobotomy is still performed in extreme cases.

Boy Interrupted Reflexion

        Having bipolar mental disorder is something that will affect a person’s way of living and interaction amongst the society. To have those two extremes of emotions, so distant from each other, is something that one cannot foresee when they will be triggered and the actions they will produce. Bipolar disorder often develops in a person's late teens or early adult years. In the case of Evan Perry, symptoms started showing from early age. He had a very meticulous manner, everything needed to be neat and clean. One of the major reactions he had from his disorder was to think about death and to consider it a route of getting out.

        His doctor then prescribed anti-depressants that consisted of lithium. Lithium brings you to an emotional level that is flat and plain. Evan then requested to go off the medication because he felt lifeless and convinced his parents he was ready. But after a while, although he was aware of his conditions, he couldn’t control it because bipolar is also a disorder of judgment. At the age of 15, he took his life.

        I will never be able to fathom how life is for a bipolar person. Everything that a normal person feels is magnified 1000 times for them and it is really hard to overcome feelings of sadness. Especially since life consists of many ups and downs, how can a bipolar person deal with it? And with medication, is it better to be safe but to feel lifeless?